1, Tus nqi Hydroxyl: 1 gram polymer polyol muaj hydroxyl (-OH) ntau npaum li tus lej ntawm milligrams ntawm KOH, chav tsev mgKOH / g.
2, Sib npaug: qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov hnyav molecular ntawm ib pawg ua haujlwm.
3, Cov ntsiab lus Isocyanate: cov ntsiab lus ntawm isocyanate hauv lub molecule
4, Isocyanate index: qhia txog qib ntawm isocyanate ntau dhau hauv cov mis polyurethane, feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm tsab ntawv R.
5. Saw txuas ntxiv: Nws yog hais txog cov cawv thiab cov amines uas tsis muaj molecular uas tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv, nthuav dav lossis tsim cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov saw molecular.
6. Ntu nyuaj: Cov saw hlau uas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm isocyanate, saw hlau txuas thiab crosslinker ntawm cov saw hlau tseem ceeb ntawm polyurethane molecules, thiab cov pab pawg no muaj lub zog sib koom ua ke loj dua, qhov chaw loj dua thiab kev nruj dua.
7, Ntu mos: carbon carbon tseem ceeb saw polymer polyol, yooj ywm zoo, hauv polyurethane tseem ceeb saw rau ntu saw yooj ywm.
8, Ib kauj ruam txoj kev: hais txog oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, saw extender thiab catalyst sib xyaw tib lub sijhawm tom qab txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha rau hauv pwm, ntawm qee qhov kub thiab txias kho molding txoj kev.
9, Txoj kev Prepolymer: Ua ntej oligomer polyol thiab diisocyanate prepolymerization reaction, los tsim cov NCO kawg raws li polyurethane prepolymer, pouring thiab tom qab ntawd prepolymer reaction nrog saw extender, npaj polyurethane elastomer txoj kev, hu ua prepolymer txoj kev.
10, Txoj kev Semi-prepolymer: qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kev semi-prepolymer thiab txoj kev prepolymer yog tias ib feem ntawm polyester polyol lossis polyether polyol ntxiv rau prepolymer hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov saw hlau txuas, catalyst, thiab lwm yam.
11, Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv: Kuj hu ua Kev Txhaj Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv RIM (Kev Txhaj Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv), nws yog ntsuas los ntawm oligomers nrog qhov hnyav molecular qis hauv daim ntawv kua, tam sim ntawd sib xyaw thiab txhaj rau hauv pwm tib lub sijhawm, thiab qhov kev tiv thaiv sai hauv qhov pwm qhov, qhov hnyav molecular ntawm cov khoom nce sai. Ib qho txheej txheem rau kev tsim cov polymers tshiab nrog cov qauv pab pawg tshiab ntawm qhov ceev heev.
12, Foaming index: uas yog, tus naj npawb ntawm cov dej siv hauv 100 qhov ntawm polyether yog txhais tias yog foaming index (IF).
13, Kev ua npuas ncauj: feem ntau yog hais txog kev ua npuas ncauj ntawm dej thiab isocyanate los tsim cov urea hloov thiab tso CO2.
14, Gel tshuaj tiv thaiv: feem ntau yog hais txog kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv carbamate.
15, Gel lub sijhawm: nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom siv kua los tsim gel xav tau lub sijhawm.
16, Lub sijhawm mis nyuj: thaum kawg ntawm thaj tsam I, qhov xwm txheej mis nyuj tshwm sim hauv cov kua dej polyurethane sib tov. Lub sijhawm no hu ua lub sijhawm qab zib hauv tiam polyurethane ua npuas ncauj.
17, Tus lej nthuav dav ntawm cov saw hlau: hais txog qhov sib piv ntawm cov amino thiab hydroxyl pawg (chav: mo1) hauv cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov saw hlau (xws li cov saw hlau sib xyaw) rau qhov ntau ntawm NCO hauv prepolymer, uas yog, tus lej mole (tus lej sib npaug) piv ntawm cov hydrogen pawg nquag rau NCO.
18, Polyether tsis muaj zog tsawg: feem ntau yog rau kev tsim kho PTMG, tus nqi PPG, tsis muaj zog txo qis rau 0.05mol / kg, ze rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm PTMG, siv DMC catalyst, ntau yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Bayer Acclaim series.
19, Ammonia ester qib solvent: kev tsim cov polyurethane solvent yuav tsum xav txog lub zog yaj thiab volatilization tus nqi, tab sis kev tsim cov polyurethane siv rau hauv cov solvent, yuav tsum tsom mus rau kev coj mus rau hauv tus account hnyav NC0 hauv polyurethane. Cov solvents xws li cawv thiab ether cawv uas cuam tshuam nrog NCO pawg tsis tuaj yeem xaiv. Cov solvent tsis tuaj yeem muaj cov impurities xws li dej thiab cawv, thiab tsis tuaj yeem muaj cov alkali tshuaj, uas yuav ua rau polyurethane puas tsuaj.
Cov tshuaj ester tsis pub muaj dej, thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov kua qaub dawb thiab cawv, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog NCO pawg. Cov tshuaj ester siv hauv polyurethane yuav tsum yog "ammonia ester qib tshuaj solvent" nrog kev ntshiab siab. Ntawd yog, cov tshuaj solvent ua rau muaj isocyanate ntau dhau, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov ntau ntawm cov isocyanate tsis tau ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab nrog dibutylamine los sim seb nws puas tsim nyog siv. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tias kev noj isocyanate tsis siv tau, vim nws qhia tau tias cov dej hauv ester, cawv, kua qaub peb yuav noj tag nrho cov nqi ntawm isocyanate, yog tias tus lej ntawm grams ntawm cov tshuaj solvent uas xav tau los noj leqNCO pawg tau qhia, tus nqi yog qhov ruaj khov zoo.
Isocyanate sib npaug tsawg dua 2500 tsis siv ua cov tshuaj polyurethane.
Qhov polarity ntawm cov kuab tshuaj muaj feem cuam tshuam loj heev rau qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj resin. Qhov polarity ntau dua, qhov qeeb qeeb ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm, xws li toluene thiab methyl ethyl ketone qhov sib txawv ntawm 24 zaug, qhov polarity ntawm cov tshuaj no loj heev, tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen sib txuas nrog pawg cawv hydroxyl thiab ua rau qhov kev ua haujlwm qeeb.
Cov tshuaj polychlorinated ester zoo dua los xaiv cov tshuaj aromatic, lawv qhov ceev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai dua li ester, ketone, xws li xylene. Kev siv cov tshuaj ester thiab ketone tuaj yeem ua rau lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm ob-branched polyurethane ntev dua thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho. Hauv kev tsim cov txheej txheem, kev xaiv "ammonia-qib solvent" uas tau hais ua ntej yog qhov zoo rau cov stabilizers khaws cia.
Cov kuab tshuaj ester muaj zog solubility, nruab nrab volatilization tus nqi, tsawg toxicity thiab siv ntau dua, cyclohexanone kuj siv ntau dua, hydrocarbon solvents muaj tsawg solid dissolving peev xwm, tsawg dua siv ib leeg, thiab ntau dua siv nrog lwm cov kuab tshuaj.
20, Tus neeg sawv cev ua kom lub cev muaj zog: tus neeg sawv cev ua kom lub cev muaj zog yog cov qhov ua npuas dej uas tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom, uas yog, los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov roj compressed, kev ua kom cov kua dej lossis kev yaj ntawm cov khoom khov.
21, Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog cov uas tuaj yeem tso cov pa roj xws li carbon dioxide thiab nitrogen tom qab cua sov decomposition, thiab tsim cov pores zoo hauv cov polymer sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj.
22, Kev sib txuas ntawm lub cev: muaj qee cov saw hlau tawv hauv cov saw hlau mos polymer, thiab cov saw hlau tawv muaj cov khoom siv lub cev zoo ib yam li cov roj hmab vulcanized tom qab kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm qhov kub qis dua qhov taw tes mos lossis qhov taw tes yaj.
23, Kev sib txuas tshuaj lom neeg: hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txuas cov saw hlau loj los ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas hauv qab kev ua ntawm lub teeb, cua sov, hluav taws xob siab, lub zog kho tshuab, ultrasound thiab cov neeg sawv cev sib txuas los tsim lub network lossis cov qauv polymer.
24, Foaming index: tus naj npawb ntawm cov dej sib npaug rau 100 qhov ntawm polyether yog txhais tias yog foaming index (IF).
25. Cov isocyanates hom twg feem ntau siv rau hauv cov qauv?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI, HD, HMDI, Aromatic: TDI, MDI, PAPI, PPDI, NDI.
26. Cov isocyanates hom twg feem ntau siv? Sau cov qauv qauv
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), liquefied MDI, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm TDI-100 thiab TDI-80?
A: TDI-100 yog tsim los ntawm toluene diisocyanate nrog 2,4 qauv; TDI-80 hais txog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm 80% toluene diisocyanate ntawm 2,4 qauv thiab 20% ntawm 2,6 qauv.
28. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm TDI thiab MDI hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv polyurethane yog dab tsi?
A: Reactivity rau 2,4-TDI thiab 2,6-TDI. Qhov reactivity ntawm 2,4-TDI yog ntau zaus siab dua li ntawm 2,6-TDI, vim tias 4-position NCO hauv 2,4-TDI nyob deb ntawm 2-position NCO thiab methyl pawg, thiab yuav luag tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv steric, thaum NCO ntawm 2,6-TDI raug cuam tshuam los ntawm steric nyhuv ntawm ortho-methyl pawg.
Ob pawg NCO ntawm MDI nyob deb heev thiab tsis muaj cov hloov pauv nyob ib puag ncig, yog li qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob NCO yog qhov loj heev. Txawm tias ib tug NCO koom nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm NCO seem raug txo qis, thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm tseem loj heev. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm MDI polyurethane prepolymer loj dua li ntawm TDI prepolymer.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI Qhov twg ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv daj zoo dua?
A: HDI (yog cov xim daj aliphatic diisocyanate uas tsis hloov pauv), IPDI (ua los ntawm polyurethane resin nrog kev ruaj khov zoo thiab tshuaj lom neeg tsis kam, feem ntau siv los tsim cov tshuaj polyurethane resin uas tsis muaj xim).
30. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov kho MDI thiab cov txheej txheem hloov kho uas siv ntau
A: Liquefied MDI: Lub hom phiaj hloov kho: liquefied pure MDI yog liquefied modified MDI, uas kov yeej qee qhov tsis zoo ntawm pure MDI (khoom khov ntawm chav tsev kub, yaj thaum siv, ntau qhov cua sov cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo), thiab tseem muab lub hauv paus rau ntau yam kev hloov kho rau kev txhim kho thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm MDI-raws li polyurethane cov ntaub ntawv.
Cov Txheej Txheem:
① urethane hloov kho liquefied MDI.
② carbodiimide thiab uretonimine hloov kho liquefied MDI.
31. Cov hom polymer polyols twg feem ntau siv?
A: Polyester polyol, polyether polyol
32. Muaj pes tsawg txoj kev tsim khoom lag luam rau polyester polyols?
A: Txoj kev yaj lub tshuab nqus tsev B, txoj kev yaj roj nqa C, txoj kev distillation azeotropic
33. Cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pob txha caj qaum ntawm polyester thiab polyether polyols yog dab tsi?
A: Polyester polyol: Ib qho tshuaj cawv macromolecular uas muaj ib pawg ester ntawm lub molecular backbone thiab ib pawg hydroxyl (-OH) ntawm pawg kawg. Polyether polyols: Polymers lossis oligomers uas muaj ether bonds (-O-) thiab cov bands kawg (-Oh) lossis amine pawg (-NH2) hauv cov qauv backbone ntawm lub molecule.
34. Cov hom polyether polyols yog dab tsi raws li lawv cov yam ntxwv?
A: Cov polyether polyols uas muaj zog heev, grafted polyether polyols, nplaim taws retardant polyether polyols, heterocyclic modified polyether polyols, polytetrahydrofuran polyols.
35. Muaj pes tsawg hom polyethers ib txwm muaj raws li tus neeg sawv cev pib?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, npuas polyether polyol, tsis tshua muaj unsaturation polyether polyol.
36. Qhov txawv ntawm hydroxy-terminated polyethers thiab amine-terminated polyethers yog dab tsi?
Cov polyethers aminoterminated yog cov polyoxide allyl ethers uas qhov kawg hydroxyl hloov los ntawm ib pawg amine.
37. Cov polyurethane catalysts hom twg feem ntau siv? Cov hom twg feem ntau siv suav nrog?
A: Tertiary amine catalysts, feem ntau siv ntau yam yog: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine, N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Cov tshuaj alkyl uas siv ntau yog: organotin catalysts, uas muaj peev xwm muab faib ua stannous octoate, stannous oleate, dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Cov polyurethane saw extenders lossis crosslinkers uas siv ntau yog dab tsi?
A: Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), alicyclic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, diamines, alcohol amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm isocyanates
A: Qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm isocyanates nrog cov hydrogen sib xyaw ua ke yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov chaw nucleophilic ntawm cov hydrogen sib xyaw ua ke molecule tawm tsam cov pa roj carbon uas yog NCO. Lub tshuab sib xyaw ua ke yog raws li nram no:
40. Cov qauv ntawm isocyanate cuam tshuam li cas rau qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pab pawg NCO?
A: Qhov electronegativity ntawm pawg AR: yog tias pawg R yog pawg nqus hluav taws xob, qhov ceev ntawm huab cua ntawm C atom hauv pawg -NCO qis dua, thiab nws muaj kev phom sij ntau dua rau kev tawm tsam ntawm nucleophiles, uas yog, nws yooj yim dua los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nucleophilic nrog cawv, amines thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Yog tias R yog pawg pub hluav taws xob thiab raug xa mus los ntawm huab cua ntawm hluav taws xob, qhov ceev ntawm huab cua ntawm C atom hauv pawg -NCO yuav nce ntxiv, ua rau nws tsis muaj kev phom sij rau kev tawm tsam ntawm nucleophiles, thiab nws lub peev xwm tiv thaiv nrog cov tshuaj hydrogen uas ua haujlwm yuav txo qis. B. Cov nyhuv induction: Vim tias aromatic diisocyanate muaj ob pawg NCO, thaum thawj -NCO gene koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam, vim yog cov nyhuv conjugated ntawm lub nplhaib aromatic, pawg -NCO uas tsis koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam yuav ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm pawg nqus hluav taws xob, yog li ntawd cov haujlwm tiv thaiv ntawm thawj pawg NCO tau txhim kho, uas yog cov nyhuv induction. C. cov nyhuv steric: Hauv cov molecules aromatic diisocyanate, yog tias ob pawg -NCO nyob hauv ib lub nplhaib aromatic tib lub sijhawm, ces qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib pawg NCO rau qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm pawg NCO feem ntau tseem ceeb dua. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ob pawg NCO nyob hauv cov nplhaib aromatic sib txawv hauv tib lub molecule, lossis lawv raug sib cais los ntawm cov saw hydrocarbon lossis cov nplhaib aromatic, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv yog me me, thiab nws txo qis nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov saw hydrocarbon lossis qhov nce ntawm tus lej ntawm cov nplhaib aromatic.
41. Hom tshuaj hydrogen uas nquag siv thiab NCO reactivity
A: Aliphatic NH2> Aromatic pawg Bozui OH> Dej> Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Carboxyl pawg> Substituted urea> Amido> Carbamate. (Yog tias qhov ceev ntawm huab cua electron ntawm lub chaw nucleophilic siab dua, qhov electronegativity muaj zog dua, thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm nrog isocyanate siab dua thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev ua haujlwm sai dua; Txwv tsis pub, qhov kev ua haujlwm qis.)
42. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hydroxyl compounds rau lawv cov reactivity nrog isocyanates
A: Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hydrogen uas nquag (ROH lossis RNH2) muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom ntawm R, thaum R yog pawg electron-withdrawing (electronegativity qis), nws nyuaj rau hloov cov hydrogen atoms, thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hydrogen uas nquag thiab NCO nyuaj dua; Yog tias R yog ib qho kev hloov pauv electron-donating, qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hydrogen uas nquag nrog NCO tuaj yeem txhim kho.
43. Kev siv isocyanate ua ke nrog dej yog dab tsi?
A: Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj cov polyurethane ua npuas ncauj. Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lawv ua ntej tsim cov kua qaub carbamic tsis ruaj khov, uas tom qab ntawd tawg ua CO2 thiab amines, thiab yog tias isocyanate ntau dhau, cov amine tshwm sim yuav tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog isocyanate los tsim cov urea.
44. Thaum npaj cov polyurethane elastomers, cov dej hauv cov polymer polyols yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj me ntsis
A: Tsis tas yuav muaj npuas dej hauv elastomers, coatings thiab fibers, yog li cov dej hauv cov ntaub ntawv raw yuav tsum tau tswj hwm nruj me ntsis, feem ntau tsawg dua 0.05%.
45. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teebmeem catalytic ntawm amine thiab tin catalysts ntawm isocyanate reactions
A: Cov tshuaj catalysts tertiary amine muaj cov tshuaj catalytic zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm isocyanate nrog dej, thaum cov tshuaj catalysts tin muaj cov tshuaj catalytic zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm isocyanate nrog hydroxyl pawg.
46. Vim li cas polyurethane resin thiaj suav tau tias yog ib qho polymer thaiv, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv saw hlau yog dab tsi?
Lus Teb: Vim tias cov saw hlau ntawm polyurethane resin yog tsim los ntawm cov ntu tawv thiab mos, cov ntu tawv yog hais txog cov saw hlau uas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm isocyanate, cov saw hlau txuas thiab crosslinker ntawm cov saw hlau tseem ceeb ntawm polyurethane molecules, thiab cov pab pawg no muaj lub zog sib koom ua ke loj dua, qhov chaw loj dua thiab kev nruj dua. Cov ntu mos yog hais txog cov pa roj carbon-carbon tseem ceeb polymer polyol, uas muaj kev ywj pheej zoo thiab yog cov ntu ywj pheej hauv cov saw hlau tseem ceeb polyurethane.
47. Cov yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polyurethane yog dab tsi?
A: Lub zog sib koom ua ke ntawm pawg, hydrogen bond, crystallinity, crosslinking degree, molecular weight, hard segment, soft segment.
48. Cov khoom siv raw twg yog cov ntu mos thiab tawv ntawm cov saw tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polyurethane
A: Cov ntu mos mos yog tsim los ntawm oligomer polyols (polyester, polyether diols, thiab lwm yam), thiab cov ntu nyuaj yog tsim los ntawm polyisocyanates lossis lawv cov kev sib xyaw nrog cov saw hlau me me.
49. Cov ntu mos thiab cov ntu tawv cuam tshuam li cas rau cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polyurethane?
A: Ntu mos: (1) Qhov hnyav molecular ntawm ntu mos: xav tias qhov hnyav molecular ntawm polyurethane yog tib yam, yog tias ntu mos yog polyester, lub zog ntawm polyurethane yuav nce nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov hnyav molecular ntawm polyester diol; Yog tias ntu mos yog polyether, lub zog ntawm polyurethane txo qis nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov hnyav molecular ntawm polyether diol, tab sis qhov ntev nce. (2) Lub crystallinity ntawm ntu mos: Nws muaj kev pab ntau dua rau crystallinity ntawm ntu linear polyurethane saw. Feem ntau, crystallization yog qhov zoo rau kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom polyurethane, tab sis qee zaum crystallization txo qhov kub qis ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab cov polymer crystalline feem ntau yog opaque.
Cov ntu nyuaj: Cov ntu saw hlau feem ntau cuam tshuam rau qhov kub thiab txias thiab cov khoom kub ntawm cov polymer. Polyurethanes uas npaj los ntawm aromatic isocyanates muaj cov nplhaib aromatic tawv, yog li lub zog polymer hauv cov ntu nyuaj nce ntxiv, thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom feem ntau loj dua li ntawm aliphatic isocyanate polyurethanes, tab sis qhov tsis kam rau ultraviolet degradation tsis zoo, thiab nws yooj yim rau daj. Aliphatic polyurethanes tsis daj.
50. Kev faib tawm ua npuas dej polyurethane
A: (1) ua npuas ncauj tawv thiab ua npuas ncauj mos, (2) ua npuas ncauj ceev thiab qis, (3) polyester hom, polyether hom ua npuas ncauj, (4) TDI hom, MDI hom ua npuas ncauj, (5) polyurethane ua npuas ncauj thiab polyisocyanurate ua npuas ncauj, (6) ib kauj ruam txoj kev thiab prepolymerization txoj kev ntau lawm, txoj kev txuas ntxiv mus thiab kev tsim khoom tsis tu ncua, (8) thaiv ua npuas ncauj thiab pwm ua npuas ncauj.
51. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yooj yim hauv kev npaj ua npuas ncauj
A: Nws hais txog qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm -NCO nrog -OH, -NH2 thiab H2O, thiab thaum tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog polyols, "gel tshuaj tiv thaiv" hauv cov txheej txheem ua npuas dej feem ntau hais txog qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim ntawm carbamate. Vim tias cov khoom siv ua npuas dej siv ntau yam khoom siv raw, lub network sib txuas tau txais, uas tso cai rau lub kaw lus ua npuas dej kom gel sai.
Qhov kev ua npuas dej tshwm sim hauv lub kaw lus ua npuas dej nrog rau qhov muaj dej. Qhov hu ua "kev ua npuas dej" feem ntau yog hais txog qhov kev ua npuas dej thiab isocyanate los tsim cov urea hloov thiab tso CO2 tawm.
52. Lub tshuab ua kom cov npuas sib xyaw ua ke
Cov khoom siv raw ua rau hauv cov kua lossis nyob ntawm qhov kub uas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tsim cov tshuaj gaseous thiab ua rau cov roj volatile. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev tsim cov cua sov ntau, cov tshuaj gaseous thiab volatilization nce ntxiv tas li. Thaum cov roj concentration nce dhau qhov concentration saturation, ib lub npuas ruaj khov pib tsim nyob rau hauv theem kev daws teeb meem thiab nce.
53. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom ua npuas dej hauv kev npaj cov polyurethane ua npuas dej
A: Nws muaj cov nyhuv emulsification, yog li ntawd qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom ua npuas ncauj tau txhim kho; Tom qab ntxiv cov silicone surfactant, vim tias nws txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw γ ntawm cov kua, lub zog dawb ntxiv uas xav tau rau kev sib cais roj raug txo qis, yog li ntawd cov huab cua uas tau sib cais hauv cov khoom siv raw yuav muaj feem ntau dua rau nucleate thaum lub sijhawm sib tov, uas pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov npuas me me thiab txhim kho kev ruaj khov ntawm cov npuas ncauj.
54. Lub tshuab ua npuas ncauj ruaj khov
A: Qhov ntxiv ntawm cov surfactants tsim nyog yog qhov ua rau muaj cov npuas zoo dispersion.
55. Txoj kev tsim cov ua npuas ncauj qhib thiab ua npuas ncauj kaw
A: Lub tshuab tsim ntawm qhib-cell ua npuas ncauj: Feem ntau, thaum muaj lub siab loj hauv lub npuas, lub zog ntawm phab ntsa npuas tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv gel tsis siab, thiab phab ntsa zaj duab xis tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov ncab los ntawm qhov nce siab ntawm cov roj, cov phab ntsa npuas zaj duab xis raug rub, thiab cov roj tawm ntawm qhov tawg, tsim cov qhib-cell ua npuas ncauj.
Lub tshuab ua npuas ncauj kaw: Rau lub kaw lus npuas tawv, vim yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm polyether polyols nrog ntau yam kev ua haujlwm thiab qhov hnyav molecular qis nrog polyisocyanate, qhov ceev ntawm gel yog qhov ceev heev, thiab cov roj hauv lub npuas tsis tuaj yeem tawg phab ntsa npuas, yog li tsim cov npuas ncauj kaw.
56. Cov txheej txheem ua npuas dej ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej thiab cov neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej tshuaj lom neeg
A: Tus neeg sawv cev ua kom lub cev muaj zog: Tus neeg sawv cev ua kom lub cev muaj zog yog cov qhov ua npuas dej uas tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm daim ntawv ntawm ib yam khoom, uas yog, los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov roj compressed, kev ua kom cov kua dej lossis kev yaj ntawm cov khoom khov.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau cov khoom tawg: Cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau cov khoom tawg yog cov tshuaj uas, thaum lawv tawg los ntawm cua sov, lawv tso cov pa roj xws li carbon dioxide thiab nitrogen thiab tsim cov qhov me me hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov polymer.
57. Txoj kev npaj ua npuas ncauj polyurethane mos
A: Ib kauj ruam txoj kev thiab prepolymer txoj kev
Txoj kev Prepolymer: uas yog, cov polyether polyol thiab cov tshuaj TDI ntau dhau yog ua rau hauv prepolymer uas muaj pawg NCO dawb, thiab tom qab ntawd sib xyaw nrog dej, catalyst, stabilizer, thiab lwm yam, kom ua npuas ncauj. Ib kauj ruam txoj kev: Ntau yam khoom siv raw tau sib xyaw ncaj qha rau hauv lub taub hau sib tov los ntawm kev xam, thiab ib kauj ruam yog ua los ntawm ua npuas ncauj, uas tuaj yeem faib ua ntu zus thiab ntu zus.
58. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua npuas kab rov tav thiab kev ua npuas ntsug
Txoj kev sib npaug ntawm lub phaj siab: tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv daim ntawv sab saud thiab lub phaj npog sab saud. Txoj kev ntws dej ntau dhau: tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv lub qhov ntws dej ntau dhau thiab lub phaj tsaws siv txoj siv.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua npuas dej ntsug: koj tuaj yeem siv cov dej ntws me me kom tau txais thaj chaw loj ntawm cov npuas dej ua npuas ncauj, thiab feem ntau siv lub tshuab ua npuas dej kab rov tav kom tau txais tib ntu ntawm lub thaiv, qib ntws yog 3 txog 5 npaug loj dua li qhov ua npuas dej ntsug; Vim yog qhov loj ntawm qhov seem ntawm lub npuas dej, tsis muaj daim tawv nqaij sab saud thiab sab qis, thiab daim tawv nqaij ntug kuj nyias, yog li qhov poob txiav raug txo qis heev. Cov khoom siv npog thaj chaw me me, qhov siab ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog li 12 ~ 13m, thiab tus nqi peev ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov khoom siv qis dua li ntawm cov txheej txheem ua npuas dej kab rov tav; Nws yooj yim los hloov lub hopper thiab tus qauv los tsim cov npuas dej cylindrical lossis rectangular, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov npuas dej puag ncig rau kev txiav rotary.
59. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw rau kev npaj ua npuas mos
A: Polyol: polyether polyol rau cov ua npuas ncauj zoo tib yam, qhov hnyav molecular feem ntau yog 3000 ~ 4000, feem ntau yog polyether triol. Polyether triol nrog qhov hnyav molecular ntawm 4500 ~ 6000 yog siv rau cov ua npuas ncauj siab resilience. Nrog rau qhov hnyav molecular nce, lub zog tensile, elongation thiab resilience ntawm cov ua npuas ncauj nce. Cov reactivity ntawm cov polyether zoo sib xws txo qis. Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm qib kev ua haujlwm ntawm polyether, qhov kev ua haujlwm tau nrawm dua, qib crosslinking ntawm polyurethane nce, qhov nyuaj ua npuas ncauj nce, thiab qhov ntev txo qis. Isocyanate: Cov khoom siv raw isocyanate ntawm polyurethane mos thaiv ua npuas ncauj yog feem ntau toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Qhov kev ua haujlwm qis ntawm TDI-65 tsuas yog siv rau polyester polyurethane ua npuas ncauj lossis polyether ua npuas ncauj tshwj xeeb. Catalyst: Cov txiaj ntsig catalytic ntawm cov ua npuas ncauj mos mos tuaj yeem faib ua ob pawg: ib qho yog cov khoom sib xyaw organometallic, stannous caprylate yog qhov siv ntau tshaj plaws; Lwm hom yog tertiary amines, feem ntau siv ua dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Ua npuas ncauj stabilizer: Hauv polyester polyurethane bulk ua npuas ncauj, cov surfactants tsis yog silicon feem ntau yog siv, thiab hauv polyether bulk ua npuas ncauj, organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer feem ntau yog siv. Tus neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj: Feem ntau, tsuas yog dej siv ua tus neeg sawv cev ua npuas ncauj thaum qhov ceev ntawm polyurethane mos thaiv npuas ntau dua 21 kg ib cubic meter; Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke qis xws li methylene chloride (MC) tsuas yog siv ua tus neeg sawv cev tshuab hauv cov qauv qis.
60. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig rau cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm cov ua npuas ncauj
A: Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias: qhov ua npuas dej ntawm polyurethane nrawm dua thaum qhov kub ntawm cov khoom nce siab, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kub hnyiab thiab hluav taws hauv cov qauv rhiab heev. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov av noo hauv huab cua: Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm cov av noo, vim yog qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm isocyanate pawg hauv cov ua npuas dej nrog dej hauv huab cua, qhov nyuaj ntawm cov ua npuas dej txo qis thiab qhov ntev nce ntxiv. Lub zog tensile ntawm cov ua npuas dej nce nrog rau qhov nce ntawm urea pawg. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm atmospheric siab: Rau tib cov mis, thaum ua npuas dej ntawm qhov siab dua, qhov ceev tau txo qis.
61. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv raw siv rau cov ua npuas dej txias thiab cov ua npuas dej kub
A: Cov khoom siv raw siv rau hauv kev kho mob txias muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, thiab tsis tas yuav muaj cua sov sab nraud thaum lub sijhawm kho, vam khom cua sov tsim los ntawm lub kaw lus, qhov kev kho mob tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab cov pwm tuaj yeem tso tawm hauv ob peb feeb tom qab txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Cov khoom siv raw reactivity ntawm cov khoom siv kub kho molding ua npuas ncauj yog qis, thiab cov tshuaj sib tov yuav tsum tau cua sov ua ke nrog cov pwm tom qab ua npuas ncauj hauv cov pwm, thiab cov khoom ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem tso tawm tom qab nws tau loj hlob tag nrho hauv cov channel ci.
62. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ua npuas dej txias piv rau cov ua npuas dej kub yog dab tsi?
A: ① Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tsis xav tau cua sov sab nraud, tuaj yeem txuag tau ntau cua sov; ② Cov coefficient siab sag (collapsibility ratio), kev ua tau zoo xis nyob; ③ Tus nqi rov qab siab; ④ Ua npuas ncauj tsis muaj nplaim taws kuj muaj qee yam khoom nplaim taws; ⑤ Lub voj voog tsim khoom luv luv, tuaj yeem txuag pwm, txuag nqi.
63. Cov yam ntxwv thiab kev siv ntawm cov npuas mos thiab cov npuas tawv
A: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov npuas mos: Cov qauv cell ntawm polyurethane npuas mos feem ntau yog qhib. Feem ntau, nws muaj qhov ceev tsawg, rov qab zoo elastic, nqus suab, huab cua permeability, khaws cia kub thiab lwm yam khoom. Siv: Feem ntau siv rau rooj tog, cov ntaub ntawv cushion, lub rooj zaum tsheb cushion khoom, ntau yam khoom siv laminated mos padding, kev lag luam thiab pej xeem mos ua npuas ncauj kuj siv ua cov ntaub ntawv lim dej, cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev suab, cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kev co, cov ntaub ntawv kho kom zoo nkauj, cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev thermal.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ua npuas ncauj ruaj khov: polyurethane ua npuas ncauj muaj qhov hnyav sib dua, muaj zog tshwj xeeb thiab ruaj khov zoo; Kev ua haujlwm rwb thaiv tsev thermal ntawm polyurethane ua npuas ncauj ruaj khov yog qhov zoo dua. Lub zog nplaum muaj zog; Kev ua haujlwm laus zoo, lub neej ua haujlwm ntev adiabatic; Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke muaj cov kua dej zoo thiab tuaj yeem sau cov qhov lossis qhov chaw ntawm cov duab nyuaj kom du. Cov khoom siv raw ntawm polyurethane ua npuas ncauj ruaj khov muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, tuaj yeem ua tiav kev kho sai, thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev tsim khoom loj hauv lub Hoobkas.
Siv: Siv ua cov khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev rau cov tub yees, cov tub yees khov, cov thawv txias, chaw cia khoom txias, cov kav dej roj thiab cov kav dej kub rwb thaiv tsev, phab ntsa thiab ru tsev rwb thaiv tsev, cov laug cam sandwich rwb thaiv tsev, thiab lwm yam.
64. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov mis npuas tawv
A: Polyols: polyether polyols siv rau cov qauv ua npuas ncauj feem ntau yog lub zog siab, tus nqi hydroxyl siab (qhov hnyav molecular qis) polypropylene oxide polyols; Isocyanate: Tam sim no, isocyanate siv rau cov npuas ncauj feem ntau yog polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (feem ntau hu ua PAPI), uas yog, crude MDI thiab polymerized MDI; Cov neeg sawv cev tshuab: (1) CFC tshuab tus neeg sawv cev (2) HCFC thiab HFC tshuab tus neeg sawv cev (3) pentane tshuab tus neeg sawv cev (4) dej; Ua npuas ncauj stabilizer: Lub npuas ncauj stabilizer siv rau polyurethane rigid ua npuas ncauj formulation feem ntau yog ib qho thaiv polymer ntawm polydimethylsiloxane thiab polyoxolefin. Tam sim no, feem ntau ua npuas ncauj stabilizers feem ntau yog Si-C hom; Catalyst: Lub catalyst ntawm cov qauv npuas ncauj feem ntau yog tertiary amine, thiab organotin catalyst tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov sijhawm tshwj xeeb; Lwm cov khoom ntxiv: Raws li qhov xav tau thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev siv sib txawv ntawm cov khoom ua npuas polyurethane, cov tshuaj tua hluav taws, cov neeg sawv cev qhib, cov pa luam yeeb inhibitors, cov neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kev laus, cov neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv pwm, cov neeg sawv cev tawv thiab lwm yam khoom ntxiv tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv cov mis.
65. Txoj cai ua npuas ncauj rau kev npaj ua npuas ncauj rau daim tawv nqaij tag nrho
A: ua npuas ncauj tawv nqaij (ISF), tseem hu ua ua npuas ncauj tawv nqaij tus kheej (ua npuas ncauj tawv nqaij tus kheej), yog cov yas ua npuas ncauj uas tsim nws cov tawv nqaij ntom ntom thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom.
66. Cov yam ntxwv thiab kev siv ntawm polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Cov yam ntxwv: polyurethane elastomer yog ib qho polymer thaiv, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm oligomer polyol yooj ywm ntev saw hlau mos ntu, diisocyanate thiab saw hlau extender los tsim ib qho nyuaj ntu, nyuaj ntu thiab mos ntu hloov pauv, tsim ib chav tsev rov ua dua. Ntxiv nrog rau muaj cov pab pawg ammonia ester, polyurethane tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen bonds hauv thiab ntawm cov molecules, thiab cov mos thiab nyuaj ntu tuaj yeem tsim cov cheeb tsam microphase thiab tsim cov microphase sib cais.
67. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm polyurethane elastomers yog dab tsi?
A: Cov yam ntxwv kev ua tau zoo: 1, lub zog siab thiab elasticity, tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam hardness (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) kom tswj tau qhov elasticity siab; Feem ntau, qhov nyuaj qis uas xav tau tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj plasticizer, yog li tsis muaj teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw plasticizer; 2, nyob rau hauv tib qho hardness, muaj peev xwm nqa tau ntau dua li lwm cov elastomers; 3, kev tiv thaiv zoo heev, nws txoj kev tiv thaiv hnav yog 2 txog 10 npaug ntawm cov roj hmab ntuj; 4. Cov roj zoo heev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tsis kam; Aromatic polyurethane hluav taws xob tsis kam; Zoo heev oxygen tsis kam thiab ozone tsis kam; 5, kev cuam tshuam siab, kev tiv thaiv qaug zog zoo thiab kev poob siab tsis kam, tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov flexure siab; 6, qhov kub qis tsis kam yog qhov zoo; 7, polyurethane ib txwm tsis tuaj yeem siv siab dua 100 ℃, tab sis kev siv cov mis tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem tiv taus 140 ℃ kub siab; 8, molding thiab cov nqi ua tiav yog qis dua.
68. Polyurethane elastomers raug faib ua pawg raws li polyols, isocyanates, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thiab lwm yam
A: 1. Raws li cov khoom siv raw ntawm oligomer polyol, polyurethane elastomers tuaj yeem muab faib ua polyester hom, polyether hom, polyolefin hom, polycarbonate hom, thiab lwm yam. Polyether hom tuaj yeem muab faib ua polytetrahydrofuran hom thiab polypropylene oxide hom raws li ntau yam tshwj xeeb; 2. Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm diisocyanate, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua aliphatic thiab aromatic elastomers, thiab muab faib ua TDI hom, MDI hom, IPDI hom, NDI hom thiab lwm yam; Los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, polyurethane elastomers feem ntau yog muab faib ua peb pawg: casting hom (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) thiab sib xyaw hom (MPU).
69. Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm polyurethane elastomers los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov qauv molecular?
A: Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov qauv molecular, polyurethane elastomer yog ib qho polymer thaiv, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm oligomer polyols yooj ywm ntev saw mos ntu, diisocyanate thiab saw extender los tsim ib qho nyuaj ntu, nyuaj ntu thiab mos ntu hloov pauv, tsim ib chav tsev rov ua dua. Ntxiv nrog rau muaj cov pab pawg ammonia ester, polyurethane tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen bonds hauv thiab ntawm cov molecules, thiab cov mos thiab nyuaj ntu tuaj yeem tsim cov cheeb tsam microphase thiab tsim microphase sib cais. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv no ua rau polyurethane elastomers muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev thiab tawv, hu ua "roj hmab hnav-resistant".
70. Kev ua tau zoo sib txawv ntawm cov polyester hom ib txwm thiab polytetrahydrofuran ether hom elastomers
A: Cov molecule Polyester muaj ntau pawg polar ester (-COO-), uas tuaj yeem tsim cov hydrogen bonds intramolecular muaj zog, yog li polyester polyurethane muaj lub zog siab, hnav tsis kam thiab roj tsis kam.
Cov elastomer uas tau npaj los ntawm polyether polyols muaj kev ruaj khov hydrolysis zoo, tiv taus huab cua, tsis tshua muaj qhov kub thiab txias thiab tiv taus pwm. Qhov chaw ntawm tsab xov xwm/Polymer learning Research
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Ib Hlis-17-2024